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The Peruvian government is led by a president who is popularly elected to a five-year term. The president of Peru oversees and appoints the Council of Ministers (Cabinet) and is assisted by the president of the Council of Ministers as well as two elected vice presidents. Legislative power is entrusted in the Congress of the Republic. These individuals are also elected to five-year terms.

Voting is required for all citizens aged 18 to 70. There are many political parties, generally over 20 distinct parties, ranging from right wing conservative to left-wing socialist and communist.

Brief Political History of Peru

After 12 years of military rule, Peru transitioned back to democracy in 1980. The decade that followed was characterized by economic crisis and the government鈥檚 unsuccessful fight to defeat a radical Maoist guerrilla uprising known popularly as the Sendero Luminoso or the Shining Path that lead to thousands upon thousands of deaths and disappearances.

During President Alan Garcia鈥檚 first term from 1985 to 1990 Peru saw hyperinflation and a debt crisis. By 1990, Peru elected the independent candidate Alberto Fujimori who became increasingly more autocratic and oversaw the writing of a new constitution in 1993, which allowed him to run and win again in 1995. He was also known for serious human rights violations. When he was reelected in 2000, Fujimori鈥檚 government collapsed due to electoral fraud and high-level corruption. In 2009 he was sentenced to 25 years in prison for crimes against humanity.

Peru then entered a period of relative economic growth, political stability and poverty reduction, which began with President Valentin Paniagua (November 2000-July 2001) and continued with Peru鈥檚 first president of indigenous descent, Alejandro Toledo (2001-2006). Alan Garcia made a comeback in 2006 followed by Ollanta Humala who was elected in 2011 and was president until 2016.

Since 2016, Peru has experienced an institutional crisis. The government was divided between President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016-2018) and the Congress, which was controlled by the opposition leader, Keiko Fujimori (the daughter of the former dictator, Alberto Fujimori.) The crisis culminated with a corruption scandal that led to the resignation of Kuczynski.

Later, Mart铆n Vizcarra (2018-2020) closed the Congress and right before gaining some political stability, the COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Peru, one of the most affected countries in the Americas. Besides having a significant approval rate with the Peruvian population, Mart铆n Vizcarra, was shockingly removed by Congress. Manuel Merino, the speaker of the Congress, and the main instigator in the impeachment process, took the presidential office after a rushed ceremony, even with accusations that he was responsible for a coup. His presidency lasted all of 5 days.

Francisco Sagasti (2020-2021), a social researcher with a wealth of academic experience, was appointed to complete the elected period of 2016-2021.

The actual situation in Peru

In summary: Peru experienced one of its worst political crises in its history in November 2020 witnessing three heads of state in a week after a battle between the presidency and Congress, along with violent protests that left two people dead.

In July 2021, after difficult elections and a tiny majority, Pedro Castillo was elected president, a Peruvian teacher, and a union leader. He was part of the Marxist-Leninist Peru Livre party, which has gained popularity among Peru's poorest rural communities. He defeated the right-winged opponent Keiko Fujimori (daughter of former president Alberto Fujimori) by a narrow margin of 50.13% to 49.87%. Castillo faced a divided nation while still trying to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. His presidency was torn between support for his socialist reforms and fears that he would upend the country's traditional politics and mining by once again overhauling the Peruvian constitution.

When Congress deposed Castillo in December 2022, Dina Boluarte became Peru's new president as vice president. Just a month before, in November 2022, she had withdrawn her confidence in Castillo and had resigned as minister. She was also Minister of Development and Social Inclusion of Peru between July 2021 and November 2022. After a few months of political unrest and many protests, the situation is under control now, and the protests have stopped.